IX Pakistan Studies - Chapter 2 - Making of Pakistan2 - Long Questions And Answers

Question 8 - Role of Sindh in the Making of Pakistan


Introduction
Sindh is an important province of Pakistan. Karachi is situated in this province and its the biggest city of Pakistan. Karachi is the capital of Sindh and is called small or mini Pakistan. Sindh played very important role in the formation of Pakistan.

Historical Background
Sindh became the part of Muslim state firstly after the victory of Mohammad Bin Qasim. That is why it is called the gateway of Islam. During the rule of Mohammad Bin Qasim and his followers Sindh remained the province of Abbasi Caliphate for nearly three centuries. During this time, many great scholars were born there which made Sindh famous over the Islamic world, during the decline period of Abbas when local rulers got the control of Sindh. After this Sindh remained under the control of Sultans of Delhi and Mughal rulers. However, the government of Muslims remained there till the arrival of the British rule. Shah Abdul Latif Bhatai and Hazrat Sachal Surmast are the famous Sufi poets of Sindh.

Separation of Bombay from Sindh
During the rule of the English, Sindh was made a part of Bombay, due to which no attention given to the social and educational position of Sindh. In Quaid's fourteen points the separation of Sindh from Bombay was demanded. In this way due to the continuous efforts of Muslim League Sindh was separated from Bombay in 1935. It was made a separate province of Muslim majority.

Home Land of Quaid
Quaid-e-Azam was born in Karachi. He completed his early education in Sindh Madrassa High School.


Pakistan Movement
The Muslims of Sindh took active part in Pakistan Movement. In 1938 the Provincial Muslim League of Sindh passed a resolution in which it was demanded that the provinces with Muslim majority should be given to Muslims. It was the first time that any branch of Muslim League passed a resolution of separate homeland.

Favour for Pakistan Resolution
On 23 March 1940, there was held a Muslim League Session in Lahore in which Pakistan Resolution was passed. The Muslim League leaders of Sindh supported the resolution very much. A prominent leader of Sindh, Sir Abdullah Haroon felt happy on this pattern that the demand of Sindh Muslim League made in 1938 became the demand of Muslim League on national level.

Pakistan Demand Committee
Quaid-e-Azam made a committee in Sindh province to speed up the struggle for Pakistan in which Sir Abdullah Haroom and many other leaders of Sindh were the members. By the efforts of these Muslim leaders the demand for Pakistan became more popular.

Muslim League Ministry
Muslim League in 1943 became so popular in Sindh that it established its own ministry. In this way Sindh was the first province in the sub continent where the Muslim League established its ministry. In December 1943, Sindh Provincial Assembly once again became more superir to other provinces by passing resolution in favour of Pakistan.

Success of Muslim League in Elections 1946
After the provincial elections in February 1946 the leader of the Muslim League, Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah established ministry under leadership. But this assembly was dissolved due to the conspiracies of Congress and new elections were held in 1946 in which Muslim League won all the seats and established its ministry again.

Entry in Pakistan
According to the plan of division of sub-continent on 3rd June, 1947 there was held a meeting of Sindh Provincial Assembly which decided to join Pakistan by the favour of majority.








Question 9 - Motives and Objectives of Muslim League

Introduction
The important motives and objectives of Muslim League are as under:

1. To safe guard and protect Muslim interests and to convey their demands to British Government.

2. To create a feeling of respect and good will in Muslims for the British Government.

3. To promote brotherhood between different nationals of India.

Role of Muslim League
The role played by All India Muslim League in the creation of Pakistan is summarized under:

Minto-Morley Reform Act - 1909
The Muslims under the able leadership of Muslim League now began to press for the separate electroate for the Muslims. The authorities accepted their demand in an Act, called "The Minto-Morley Reform Act", 1909.

Lucknow Pact - 1916
In November 1916, two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta and drew and agreement draft of political reform for India called "Lucknow Pact." Through this pact the Congress recognized the separate status of Muslims.

Simon Commission
In 1927, Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences. It was rejected because there was no Indian member on the commission.


Jinnah's Fourteen Points - 1929
The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the nehru - report. He prepared a draft of guiding principles consisting of 14 points, popularly known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points."

Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address - 1930
In 1930, in his presidential address at annual session of League at Allahabad, Iqbal proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State by combining Northern and South-Western Muslim majority region in Sub Continent.

Day of Deliverance
On 22nd December, Muslim League observed "Deliverance Day" to thank for Allah for resignation of Congress Ministers.

Pakistan Resolution - 1940
The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the Muslims were two separate nations. On March, 23rd, at the annual session of the Muslim League at Lahore, the famous resolution, commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed. It was presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq.

Cripps Mission - 1942
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India, to discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitution. His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League. The Congress characterized them as "a post-dated check on a failing bank." Jinnah said that:

"If these were accepted "Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well".

Gandhi Jinnah Talks - 1944
Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate nation.

Simla Conference - 1945
Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla. The conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell. In this conference, Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the (7) Muslims League can represent Muslims of India.

General Elections - 1945-1946
Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for Muslim and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative.

Cabinet Mission - 1946
Cabinet Mission visited India in 1946 and submitted its recommendations to the Britishers. As a result Interim Government was formed but Congress and League couldn't cooperate amongst them.

Delhi Convention - 1946
Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League Members at Delhi. At the convention every membter took the pledge to under go any danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.

3rd June Plan - 1947
Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for transference of power according to the wish of people. He emphasized on the partition of the country and told that it was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock. Both League and Congress accepted the plan.

Conclusion
Muslims League thus got its object and Pakistan was created on 14th August 1947. In short we can say that the creation of Pakistan is the result of the ceaseless efforts of the Muslim League and the great heroes which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan. If there were be no Muslim League the fate of the Muslims of the Sub Continent could not be changed.








Question 10 - Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam


Introduction
In March 1929, at the annual session of All India Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam declared his famous fourteen points.

Federal System
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces.

Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.

Number of Muslim Representatives
In the central legislative, Muslims representatives shall be not less than one-third.

Separate Electorates
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.

Muslim Majority Provinces
Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affects the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.


Religious Liberty
Full religious liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance, association and education shall be guaranteed to all the communication.

Three-Fourth Representation
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill.

Separation of Sindh
Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency.

Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
Reforms should be introduced in the Noth West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.

Government Services
Muslims should be given adequate share along with ohter Indians in the services of State.

Protection of Muslim's Culture and Language
The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization.

One-Third Muslim Ministries
No Cabinet, either central or provincial is formed. Without being a proportion of atleast one third Muslim Ministers.

Conclusion
No change shall be made in the constitution of State except with the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation. The reasonable and moderate demands, contained in the fourteen points, were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened the gulf between the two communities.

Importance of Jinnah's Fourteen Points
A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam's fourteen points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for the Muslims of India. The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930. As a result, these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.









Question 11 - Role of N.W.F.P in the Establishment of Pakistan

Introduction
North West Frontier Province is an important province of Pakistan. Its capital is Peshawar. Famous Khyber Pass is situated in this province. Foreign invaders entered sub-continent through this pass. It is an historical passage. Khushal Khan Khattak and Rehman Baba are the most famous poets of this province.

Facing Difficulties
Frontier is the province of Muslim majority. But Muslim League had to face many difficulties and problems while establishing it here. This difficulty was due to the leaders that were under the influence of Congress and they favoured its policies. Among such leaders Sarhadi Gandhi Abdul Ghaffar Khan was at the top of the list. In this province, Congress had the ministry that opposed the movement of Muslim League.

Organization of Muslim League
Muslim League slowly made its strong hold there under the leadership of the Quaid. Muslim League began to become popular in Frontier after passing Pakistan Resolution in 1940. Muslims of this area began to join Muslim League. Congress in this province started making false cases against the Muslim Leaders to torture them and locked them in jails. But they did not lose their courage. The struggle of Muslim League after 1945 became active. Among the leaders which contributed a lot are Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Peer Sahib Zakori Sharif and Peer Sahib Manki Sharif.


Demand for Pakistan
In February, 1947 Muslim League started the Non Co-Operative Movement against the Congress. Provincial Government gave hard tortures to Muslim League workers but it could not stop the Muslim League movement. Instead, it began to spread in the whole province. Provincial government began to be hated everywhere in the province and meetings of Muslim League began to be held in favour of separate homeland. In his way it was proved that the people of Muslim League were in the favour of Pakistan.

Conflict between Muslim League and Congress
On 3rd June, 1947 British government accepted the demand of Pakistan and declared that the future of Frontier will be decided by vote. So the Muslims stopped Non-Cooperation Movement. Muslim started convincing the people to give vote for Pakistan. On the other hand Congress started movement against Pakistan and raised a slogan of Free Baluchistan.

Joining Pakistan
The people of Frontier voted in favour of Pakistan in a large majority. In this way Frontier became the part of Pakistan and the Muslims of Frontier got their independence.









Question 12 - Role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General

Quaid-e-Azam As A Governor General
On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under:

Formation of Federal Cabinet
As soon as the Quaid-e-Azam took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liaquat Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947.

Members of the Cabinet
1. Sardar Abdul Rab Nisther (Transports)

2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture)

3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education

4. I.I Chundrigar (Industry)

5. Ghulam Mohammad (Finance)

6. Jogander Nath Mandal (Law)

7. Sir Zafar Ullah Khan Qadyani (Affair)

Constitutional Problems
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-Azam.

Establishment of Capital
Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.

Provincial Government
Quaid-e-Azam elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces:

Khan Iftikhar Hussain Mumdot - Punjab
Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn - East Bengal
Khan Abdul Qayyum - N.W.F.P
Mohammad Ayub Khuro - Sindh
Chief Commissioner (British) - Baluchistan

Establishment of Administrative Head Quarters
For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhry Mohammad Ayub was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up.

Attention to Foreign Affairs
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy.

Membership of UNO
After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam.

Implementation of Education Policy
Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. for this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. he made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-Azam did a lot to improve education policy of the country.

In the Service of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption.

First Cabinet of Pakistan
First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-Azam. He took of it. Liaquat Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan.









Question 13 - 3rd June Plan

3rd June Plan and Lord Mountbatten
Lord Mountbatten became the viceroy of India in March 1947. He tried his best to keep India United but of no avail. He concluded that there was no solution to Indian problems except partition of it.

3rd June Plan and the Creation of Pakistan
On 3rd June 1947 the viceroy announced the partition plan in a joint conference of Congress and Muslim League leaders in Delhi. The plan came to be known as 3rd June Plan. Some important points of the plan were as under:

The Indian Independence Bill 1947
Power would be given to Pakistan by 14th August 1947. This bill was passed and came to be known as Independence Bill 1947.


Separate Session
A clause was incorporated in the 3rd June Plan that separate session of Muslim and Hindu Members of the Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal would be held to decide whether their provinces were in favour of the partition, and how it would take place.

New Boundaries
the new boundaries of these provinces would be decided by a commission.

Sindh Assembly
Sindh Assembly would decide the future state of the province through the majority of volte. Sindh Assembly voted for Pakistan.

People of N.W.F.P and Sylhet
the people of N.W.F.P and Sylhet would decide their status through a referendum. N.W.F.P and Sylhet also decided to join Pakistan.

Conclusion
The viceroy announced the plan on 3rd June 1947. According to the plan it was decided to transfer the power on the midnight of the 14th and 15th August 1947 instead of 3rd June 1947.









Question 14 - Radcliff Award


Mr. Radcliff, an ordinary lawyer was sent from England to India for the demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal. The viceroy and Mr. Radcliff connived with the Congress and demarcated the boundary according to their wishes. Radcliff included many Muslim majority, areas in India and deprived Pakistan of the waters of Sutlej, Bias and Ravi. Further captured Kashmir and created a Kashmir problem which is still unsolved. The defective planning of Radcliff created many problems for Pakistan unsolved. The defective planning of Radlciff created many problems for Pakistan.

Dawn of Independence
Independence has a great importance for the nations. Pakistan came into being as independent state on 14th August 1947 27th Ramadan and India on 15th August 1947.