XII Commercial Geography - Industries

INTRODUCTION
The Industrial base of Pakistan Pakistn at the time of Independence was very weak. Not more than 35 important industries fell to Pakistan's share.To restrict dependance on Indian industrial centres,it became essential to set up basic industries.To overcome this handicap the government encouraged the establishment of new industries based on local raw material which was sufficiently available.

In 1949-50 manufactured items accounted for only 1.5% of the national income.After 10 years the ratio improved to 5 %.In 70-71 the ratio increased upto 16.31% .In 78-79 the ratio declined to 14.35%. Today the large soule industries have 19.9% share in our GNP.Pakistan has attained a fairly diversified base in manufacturing ranging from essential consumer goods to heavy engineering,chemicals and tools industry.Inspite of this enormous progress,we cannot still claim to be an industrially developed country.Our economy still depends upon the agricultural sector and import of various industrial products from other countries.




LOCALIZATION FACTORS
There are some important geographical and economic factors which exercise a great influence on the Localization of any industry.The factors are called the localization factors and are as follows:

1.Raw Materials:
No Industry can be established without availability of raw materials.They should be easily accessible otherwise the expenses incurred on their acquisition become immense .The modern means of transportation have made possible to tap distant sources of raw material.

2.Power Resources:
An industry can not run without the supply of energy and power.Modern complex industries consume large amount of power.Fuel must be easily available at the selected site.Water power,thermal power ,natural gas,mineral oil and small quantity of coal (due to low production) is used as power in Pakistani industries.

3.Proximity to The Market:
The ultimate purpose of all production is consumption.The consuming market should not be remote from the industries,otherwise the delivery of the manufactured items will add immensely to the cost.However modern means of transportation have opened the world market and decreased dependance on the local market.

4.Labour:
Labour of its three types:

1)Skilled

2)Unskilled and

3)Management and labour staff.

Abundant and cheap supply of all kinds of labour should be available at the site of the industry.Unfortunately we are not self sufficient in the supply of skilled labour which is a great handicap for our local industries.We have to import skilled labour which adds to our cost.

5.Suitable Climate:
Climate determines the working power and efficiency of labourers and also the economy of the products.Different kinds of industries require different kinds of climate. Generally speaking, temperate climate is most suitable as it stimulates people to work harder.

6.Easy Availability of Capital:
It is an accepted fact that modern industrialization is impossible without the large supply of capital.Easy and large supply of capital is an important factor for the localization of any industry.I.D.B.P,N.D.F.C ,PIDC,PICIC AND ICP are institutions in our country which are playing an indispensable role in the industrial development of our country by providing financial help to our industries.

7.Government Encouragement:
Encouragement and incentive from the side of the government is an important localisation factor for any industry.

8.Means of Transportation:
In these days of specialized and diverse trading operations,availability of means of transport (may it be by air,sea or land)is indispensable.These means should be easily and quickly available and should also be cheap to minimize cost of production.

9.Political Conditions:
Areas at a safe distance from politically explosive regions and enemy territories are preferred for industrial location.




(A) COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Importance:
Cotton textile industry is the biggest industry of Pakistan.Pakistan forms the base of world Cotton textile industry.It is a broad industry and involves spinning i.e.yarn production and weaving i.e.cotton production.

The making of textiles employs over 200,000 persons in Pakistan which is more than 1/3rd of all those employed in large scale industries.It also makes the largest contribution to the GNP.Apart from its basic contribution of fulfilling the need at home,we earn a large amount of foreign exchange from the export of cotton yarn and cloth.

Review of Progress:
The country had 18 cotton mills in 1948 with 1.77 lac spindles and 4,824 looms.The total production of yarn was 3 crore pounds and that of cloth amounted to 9 crore yds.Their production was altogether inadequate for the country's requirements and a large quantity of cloth and yarn had to be imported. Resources were available for its development.The government gave priority this industry made the greatest progress.In 1964-65 the number of factories was more than 120.As regards to production of yarn,It increased to 14.5 yds.in 1967-68.

After 1974,this industry faced a severe recession due to both to domestic and international factors.Pakistan had suffered particularly,because this industry is export oriented.Both production and exports of its products had drastically fallen during these years.The major causes of the crises of the cotton textile industry had been :

1) Tall in demand for the products of this industry in the international market in the face of glut in production in several countries.

2) Domestically there were several unfavourable developments;such as rise in price of cotton due to fall in cotton production,and increase in wages of labour along with the reported fall in its productivity.Today we have 200 cotton textile mills in recognized sector.

Cotton Textile Centres:
Karachi,The Biggest Textile Centre:
After the establishment of Pakistan,the first mill named as Valika Cotton Textile Mill was established at Karachi in 1948.Although ,Karachi is not located in cotton growing area.Yet it soon became and is still,the biggest centre of cotton textile industry in Pakistan.Many factors were responsible.It had the advantage of availability of capital ,banking facilities,bussiness ability of families which migrated to Karachi,fine labour,railway and road links with cotton growing areas,humid climate,easy availability of sui gas etc.

In addition to Karachi ,now in every big city of all the four provinces,cotton textile mills have been set up.These are as follows:

1.Sindh:
Karachi,Hyderabad,Tando Adam,Tando Jam,Khairpur,Larkana,Tando Mohammed Khan,Kotri etc.

2.Punjab:
Faisalabad,Lahore,Multan,Rawalpindi,Sheikhupura,Jhelum,D.G.K,Sargodha,Okara,Rahimyar Khan,Harappa.

3.Baluchistan:
Quetta,Lasbela,Anthar.

4.N.W.F.P:
Peshawar,Nowshehra,D.I.K,Kohat,Bannu,Haripur,Hazara,Charsadda.

Installed Capacity
Installed Capacity of Textile Industry ( in thousands)
Year................Spindles Installed......Spindles Working.....Looms Installed.....Looms Working

1989-90.................5195....................4416...................16...................8

1990-91.................5569....................4827...................15...................8

1991-92.................6141....................6465...................15...................8

(July-March)

Production:
(a) Production of Cotton Yarn(thousand Kg.):
Year- Production

1989-90 - 911,588

1990-91 - 1,041,248

1991-92 - 861,819

(b) Production of Cotton Cloth (thousand Sq.Metre):
Year- Production


1989-90 - 294,839

1990-91 - 292,911

1991-92 - 233,997

(July-March)

Position of Trade:
The country is now self-sufficient in varieties of cotton cloth and cotton yarn.We are now excited from the list of importers in this connection.The major export markets of Pakistani cotton fabrics are EEC,U.S.A,U.S.S.R,Australia,Iran,Canada and Saudi Arabia.

Exports(July-March):
.....................Quantity(MT) ..............................Value (Million $)

.....................1990-91...1991-92 .....................1990-91.....1991-92

Cotton Yarn....346615.....332100......................810.73......786.53

Cotton Fabrics...782.......860........................486.92......587.65




(B) IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Introduction:
In the first phase of Industralization in Pakistan,the emphasis was on the development of consumer goods industry.It was soon felt that the establishment of basic industries like Iron and Steel were essential for the economic development of the country.A vigorous search for iron ore and other minerals was started.

At present ,Pakistan heavy engineering industry comprises of the following units:

1.Heavy Mechanical Complex-Taxila:
HMC Taxila is one of the most important industries of the 3rd five year plan of Pakistan in the overall scheme of establishing basic and key industries in the country.

It was completed in 1970 with the technical and economic assistance of the people's Republic of China involving a total cost of Rs.240 million.Its annual production capacity is 17,000 tonnes of various types of complete machines and plants which include sugar and cement plants,chemical and petro chemical plants,road bulldozers,railway wagons,axles of wagons,overhead traveling cranes and boilers.At present 12 cement plants and 19 sugar plants produced by the complex have been installed.A cement plan has been exported to Bangladesh and 3 sugar plants to Indonesia and Bangladesh.Export orders which are under process have also been received from Bangladesh,Syria,Iran,Kenya and Azerbaijan.

2.heavy Foundry and Forge Project-Taxila:
This project was set up with the technical and financial assistance of the people's Republic of China in 1972 and is one of the biggest project of this kind in Pakistan. It is planned to provide a metallurgical base to the heavy engineering sector.The project,when in full production,will be able to fully meet the requirements of heavy castings and forgings of the engineering units of Pakistan.

3.Pakistan Machine tool Factory-Landhi:
This factory was established in collaboration with a.swiss firm at Landhi in Karachi.It is a highly sophisticated engineering facility which is producing transmission components and automobile parts since 1968.Its major products are gear boxes,audaxles for trucks,jeeps,tractors etc.

4.Pakistan Steel Mill (Karachi):
The foundation stone of Karachi Steel Mill was laid down on December.30, 1973.It was completed at a cost of Rs.2,55,500 million with the economic and technical assitance of U.S.S.R.

This biggest industrial enterprise in the country is the precursor of countless economic benefits.The completion of the steel mill is a shining milestone which leads the way to a new era of progress in the nation's economy.

Employment:
The employment level at Pakistan Steel was 23,842 as on March 31,1992 compared with 23,965 on December 31,1991.

Installed Capacity:
Pakistan Steel is a huge engineering complex and is producing coke,pig iron,billets,hot rolled sheets/plates,cold rolled sheets/plates,galvanised sheets etc.It has a production capacity equivalent to 1.1 million tonnes of raw steel per anum with a built in potential to expand to over 3 million tonnes.

The average capacity utilization in terms of raw steel was 76% during 1991-92.

Production Performance(000 tonnes):
Items............................1990-91......................1991-92(July-March)

Coke..................................712................................660

Pig Iron..............................1013...............................766

Rolled Billets.........................252...............................176

Cast Billets............................81................................48

Hot Rolled Coils........................386...............................296

Cold Rolled Coils.......................111................................99

Galvanized Coils.........................42................................35

Formed Sections..........................1.................................---

Sales Turnover:
The sales turnover of Pakistan steel increased from Rs.6500 million during July-March 1990-91 to Rs.6669 million during July-March 1991-92 as compared with Rs.32 million in July-March,1990-91.




(C) CEMENT INDUSTRY
Introduction:
Cement is one of the vital resources needed by a developing country .The cement industry is one of the heavy industries of Pakistan.This industry has recorded satisfactory progress in the past because specific raw material of this industry i.e.gypsum,limestone and a particular soil is quite abundant in Pakistan.That is why Pakistan can not only become self-sufficient in cement productio,but can also become an exporter of cement.However,in view of the large amount of capital required in this industry,Pakistan has so far been producing cement to meet the domestic requirements only.The groeth of this industry is well reflected in the establishment of a number of new cement projects in the country.

Review of growth:
Position at the time of Establishment:
The cement industry is the only industry which was luherited by Pakistan because at the time of independence there were 4 cement factories in the country:

1.Dalmian Cement Factory-Karachi. 160,000 tonnes

2.Dalmian Cement Factory-Dandot. 500,000 tonnes

3.Associated Ltd.Cement Factory-Wah. 90,000 tonnes

4.Associated Ltd. Cement Factory-Rohri. 180,000 tonnes

Total production capacity of all the 4 factories = 4,80,000 tonnes.

First Phase of Development:
The investment in the cement industry of Pakistan was initiated by the PIDC with the setting up of 2 cement plants of which 1 was set up at Daud Khel.Its name was Maple Leaf cement plant,with the annual production capacity of 300,00 tonnes.The 2nd,Zeal Pak cement plant was set up at Hyderabad in 1965 which was later expanded in 3 stages and now has an installed capacity of 108,000 tonnes.

The Second Phase of Development:
The second phase of development of cement industries started during the sixties with the setting up of 3 cement factories in the private sector.

The demand for cement had been steadily increasing which induced the private investors to further invest in this industry .Consequently,the annual production capacity of cement which was 10,00,000 tonnes in 1959-60 increased to 2.7 million tonnes in 1969-70 ,registering an increase of 165% during a period of 10 years.

Impact of Nationalization in 1972:
In 1972,the units of cement industries were also nationalized along with other industrial units consequently,the production of cement was limited between 2.7 million tonnes to 3.1 million tonnes.All cement industries were given under the control of a corporation named "Pak State Cement Corporation".As a result cement had to be imported to meet the domestic demand.

Performance upto the End of the 6th Plan:
In 1978,the government undertook various development projects for the reactivation of the private sector such as the completion of steel mills,port qasim,construction of new dams,railway lines,expansion of highways,development of the under developed regions.Those projects caused unprecedented increase in the domestic demand for cement in the country and we had to depend on large scale import of cement to meet this increased demand.Consequently ,in 1981-82,900,000 tonnes of cement was imported,while in 1982-83,6,20,000 tonnes was imported.

In view of the steadily increasing demand for cement ,the private sector was induced to invest in this industry.In addition to that ,the production capacity of cement units in the public sector was also expanded during the 5th and 6th five Year Plans.Consequently ,by the end of the 6th plan,the total production of cement increased from 3.40 million tonnes in 1977-78,to 6.7 million tonnes in 1986-87.

Installed Capacity:
At present 23 cement units are operating in the country with a capacity of 8135 thousand tonnes .Out of these,12 units with a capacity of 5169 thousand tonnes are in the public sector and 11 units with a capacity of 2966 thousand tonnes are in the private sector.

Production(000 tones):
1989-90- 7488

1990-91 - 7762

1991-92 - 8095

(July-March) Provisional

Exports(Rs.million):
1989-90- 31

1990-91 - 159

1991-92 - 42




(D)PAPER INDUSTRY
Introduction:
Paper was first invented in 100 A.D.in china.Before the existence of Pakistan there was no paper industry in our country.All the paper requirements were imported from abroad.Domestic raw materials like bamboos,rice and wheat straws,jute stalks etc.Were lying un-utilized and in abundance in the eastern wing.Two big paper mills were established in East Pakistan which not only made Pakistan self sufficient in writing,printing and wrapping papers but also placed it in a position to export.There were only a few paper mills in the western wing.After 1971,the supply of paper from Bangladesh stopped and we had to depend on imported paper.However with the passage of time,many paper mills were set up in Pakistan.

Important Paper Mills:
At present,following are the paper mills in our country:

1.Adamjee Paper Mills (Nowshera)N.W.F.P:
There is a hard board industry at Nowshera (N.W.F.P).Its producing capacity is 5000 tonnes of hardboard which is mostly needed for packing purposes.The waste of sugarcane (bagasse) is used as raw material which comes from sugar industry ,Mardan.

2.Charsada Paper Mills (Charsada,Mardan)N.W.F.P:
Wood pulp is used as raw material.

3.Gharoo Paper Mills (Gharoo)Sindh:
It uses waste of rice as raw material.

4.Packages Industry (Lahore)Punjab:
Uses wood pulp as raw material.

5.Rahwali Paper Mills(Gujranwala)Punjab:
It produces hardboard and brown paper.

6.Hyderabad Plant Paper(Sindh):
A plant of paper has been recently completed at Hyderabad to meet the newspaper requirements which uses the waste of rice as raw material.

Imports of Paper and Paper Board:
During July-March 1990-91,the value of paper and paper board imported stood at dollar 99.85 million.During the same period in 1991-92 the value of imports stood at dollar 111.88 million.

(E) CIGARETTES INDUSTRY
A large amount of tobacco is being cultivated in various parts of our country and we produce enough amount of tobacco every year.In the beginning there was no factory for the manufacturing of tobacco products and we had to export most of our tobacco in raw shape and had to import tobacco products from other countries.

Thus the government allowed to set up a number of factors for the manufacturing of tobacco products,so we saved a large amount or foreign exchange.Today we have not only become self sufficient in our tobacco to other countries.

There are 25 cigarettes manufacturing units situated at Jhelum Multan,Lahore(Punjab),Karachi (Landhi,Maripur,Sukkar,(Sindh),Nowshera(N.W.F.P)

Production(Million Nos.):
1989-90- 32279

1990-91 - 29887

1991-92 - 22575

(July-March)